Long-term genetic stability and a high-altitude East Asian origin for the peoples of the high valleys of the Himalayan arc.

Jeong C, Ozga AT, Witonsky DB, Malmström H, Edlund H, Hofman CA, Hagan RW, Jakobsson M, Lewis CM, Aldenderfer MS, Di Rienzo A, Warinner C

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (27) 7485-7490 [2016-07-05; online 2016-06-20]

The high-altitude transverse valleys [>3,000 m above sea level (masl)] of the Himalayan arc from Arunachal Pradesh to Ladahk were among the last habitable places permanently colonized by prehistoric humans due to the challenges of resource scarcity, cold stress, and hypoxia. The modern populations of these valleys, who share cultural and linguistic affinities with peoples found today on the Tibetan plateau, are commonly assumed to be the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of the Himalayan arc. However, this assumption has been challenged by archaeological and osteological evidence suggesting that these valleys may have been originally populated from areas other than the Tibetan plateau, including those at low elevation. To investigate the peopling and early population history of this dynamic high-altitude contact zone, we sequenced the genomes (0.04×-7.25×, mean 2.16×) and mitochondrial genomes (20.8×-1,311.0×, mean 482.1×) of eight individuals dating to three periods with distinct material culture in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) of Nepal, spanning 3,150-1,250 y before present (yBP). We demonstrate that the region is characterized by long-term stability of the population genetic make-up despite marked changes in material culture. The ancient genomes, uniparental haplotypes, and high-altitude adaptive alleles suggest a high-altitude East Asian origin for prehistoric Himalayan populations.

Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources [Service]

NGI Uppsala (SNP&SEQ Technology Platform) [Service]

National Genomics Infrastructure [Service]

PubMed 27325755

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1520844113

Crossref 10.1073/pnas.1520844113

pii: 1520844113
pmc: PMC4941446