{"entity": "journal", "iuid": "1a43a09bbf384b5b94b8a75b582c74ae", "timestamp": "2026-08-14T13:16:32.564Z", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/journal/Parasit%20Vectors.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/journal/Parasit%20Vectors"}}, "title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "issn-l": "1756-3305", "publications_count": 7, "publications": [{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "2110e1a811fc4f6db742533b43bdd50a", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/2110e1a811fc4f6db742533b43bdd50a.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/2110e1a811fc4f6db742533b43bdd50a"}}, "title": "Comparative assessment of the bacterial communities associated with Anopheles darlingi immature stages and their breeding sites in the Brazilian Amazon.", "authors": [{"family": "Mosquera", "given": "Katherine D", "initials": "KD"}, {"family": "Nilsson", "given": "Louise K J", "initials": "LKJ"}, {"family": "de Oliveira", "given": "Marta Rodrigues", "initials": "MR"}, {"family": "Rocha", "given": "Elerson Matos", "initials": "EM"}, {"family": "Marinotti", "given": "Osvaldo", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "H\u00e5kansson", "given": "Sebastian", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Tadei", "given": "Wanderli P", "initials": "WP"}, {"family": "de Souza", "given": "Antonia Queiroz Lima", "initials": "AQL"}, {"family": "Terenius", "given": "Olle", "initials": "O"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2023-05-01", "journal": {"title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "volume": "16", "issue": "1", "pages": "156", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "The neotropical anopheline mosquito Anopheles darlingi is a major malaria vector in the Americas. Studies on mosquito-associated microbiota have shown that symbiotic bacteria play a major role in host biology. Mosquitoes acquire and transmit microorganisms over their life cycle. Specifically, the microbiota of immature forms is largely acquired from their aquatic environment. Therefore, our study aimed to describe the microbial communities associated with An. darlingi immature forms and their breeding sites in the Coari municipality, Brazilian Amazon.\n\nLarvae, pupae, and breeding water were collected in two different geographical locations. Samples were submitted for DNA extraction and high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted. Microbial ecology analyses were performed to explore and compare the bacterial profiles of An. darlingi and their aquatic habitats.\n\nWe found lower richness and diversity in An. darlingi microbiota than in water samples, which suggests that larvae are colonized by a subset of the bacterial community present in their breeding sites. Moreover, the bacterial community composition of the immature mosquitoes and their breeding water differed according to their collection sites, i.e., the microbiota associated with An. darlingi reflected that in the aquatic habitats where they developed. The three most abundant bacterial classes across the An. darlingi samples were Betaproteobacteria, Clostridia, and Gammaproteobacteria, while across the water samples they were Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, and Alphaproteobacteria.\n\nOur findings reinforce the current evidence that the environment strongly shapes the composition and diversity of mosquito microbiota. A better understanding of mosquito-microbe interactions will contribute to identifying microbial candidates impacting host fitness and disease transmission.", "doi": "10.1186/s13071-023-05749-6", "pmid": "37127597", "labels": {"NGI Short read": "Service", "NGI Uppsala (SNP&SEQ Technology Platform)": "Service", "National Genomics Infrastructure": "Service", "Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources": "Service"}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC10150499"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "10.1186/s13071-023-05749-6"}], "notes": [], "created": "2023-05-05T06:04:21.836Z", "modified": "2024-01-16T13:48:33.490Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "c2a0ffacd4e6486fa7c956ff02002f88", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/c2a0ffacd4e6486fa7c956ff02002f88.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/c2a0ffacd4e6486fa7c956ff02002f88"}}, "title": "Parasitic strongyle nemabiome communities in wild ruminants in Sweden.", "authors": [{"family": "Halvarsson", "given": "Peter", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Baltru\u0161is", "given": "Paulius", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Kjellander", "given": "Petter", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "H\u00f6glund", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2022-09-27", "journal": {"title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "volume": "15", "issue": "1", "pages": "341", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "Wildlife hosts may serve as reservoirs for strongyles, which can be transmitted to domestic livestock. Therefore, studies evaluating nemabiome compositions in wildlife ruminants are of great use in assessing the possibility of transmission of important nematode pathogens to domestic sheep in Sweden.\n\nFirst, fecal samples were collected from roe deer (n = 125), fallow deer (n = 106), red deer (n = 18) and mouflon (n = 13) in south central Sweden during the hunting season in 2019. Second, after fecal examination samples were cultured and the larvae were harvested, followed by DNA extractions. Third, all samples were barcoded and processed for sequence analysis on the PacBio platform. Finally, bioinformatic sequence analysis was conducted with DADA2, while species diversity and richness, as well as interactions between the different hosts, were calculated and analyzed in R.\n\nNematode ITS2 sequences were found in 225 of 262 (86%) samples. In total, 31 taxa were identified, among which 26 (86%) to the species level. These were found in different combinations, among which 24 (77%) occurred in roe deer, 19 (61%) in fallow deer, 20 (65%) in red deer and 10 (32%) in mouflon. Five of the species found are known to be associated with livestock (Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei). However, in the present study the relative abundance and prevalence of most of these species were low. The most striking exception was T. axei, which was relatively abundant in all wildlife hosts. Mostly a wide range of wildlife specific nematodes such as Ostertagia leptospicularis and Spiculopteragia spp. were identified including the invasive nematode Spiculopteragia houdemeri, which was found for the first time in red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon in Sweden. The difference in the number of shared species between mouflon and all cervids (n = 6) was less than among all three cervids (n = 8).\n\nIn this study, we investigated the community structure of parasitic intestinal nematodes in four wildlife hosts, and we found that the majority of the parasite species identified were wildlife specific. We also found a new, potentially invasive species not reported before. After comparing the nemabiome of the wildlife hosts in this study with a previous study in sheep from the same geographical region, we conclude that the horizontal transmission potential appears to be relatively low. Still, cross-infections of nematodes between game and sheep cannot be completely ignored.", "doi": "10.1186/s13071-022-05449-7", "pmid": "36167594", "labels": {"NGI Uppsala (Uppsala Genome Center)": "Service", "NGI Long read": "Service", "National Genomics Infrastructure": "Service", "Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources": "Service"}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC9516825"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "10.1186/s13071-022-05449-7"}], "notes": [], "created": "2022-11-21T10:03:22.936Z", "modified": "2024-01-16T13:48:34.970Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "f7479aeeb4a941a4922ac297b4b3f2b4", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/f7479aeeb4a941a4922ac297b4b3f2b4.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/f7479aeeb4a941a4922ac297b4b3f2b4"}}, "title": "Estimation of the impact of three different bioinformatic pipelines on sheep nemabiome analysis.", "authors": [{"family": "Baltru\u0161is", "given": "Paulius", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Halvarsson", "given": "Peter", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "H\u00f6glund", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2022-08-11", "journal": {"title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "volume": "15", "issue": "1", "pages": "290", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has provided an alternative strategy to study the composition of nematode communities with increased resolution and sensitivity. However, the handling and processing of gigabytes worth of amplicon sequence data produced by an NGS platform is still a major hurdle, limiting the use and adoption of faster and more convenient analysis software.\n\nIn total 32 paired, fecal samples from Swedish sheep flocks were cultured and the larvae subsequently harvested subjected to internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) amplicon sequencing using the PacBio platform. Samples were analyzed with three different bioinformatic pipelines, i.e. the DADA2, Mothur and SCATA pipelines, to determine species composition and richness.\n\nFor the the major species tested in this study (Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcinta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis) neither relative abundances nor species diversity differed significantly between the three pipelines, effectively showing that all three analysis pipelines, although different in their approaches, yield nearly identical outcomes. In addition, the samples analyzed here had especially high frequencies of H. contortus (90-95% across the three pipelines) both before and after sample treatment, followed by T. circumcinta (3.5-4%). This shows that H. contortus is the parasite of primary importance in contemporary Swedish sheep farms struggling with anthelmintic resistance. Finally, although on average a significant reduction in egg counts was achieved post-treatment, no significant shifts in major species relative frequencies occurred, indicating highly rigid community structures at sheep farms where anthelmintic resistance has been reported.\n\nThe findings presented here further contribute to the development and application of NGS technology to study nemabiome compositions in sheep, in addition to expanding our understanding about the most recent changes in parasite species abundances from Swedish sheep farms struggling with anthelmintic resistance.", "doi": "10.1186/s13071-022-05399-0", "pmid": "35953825", "labels": {"National Genomics Infrastructure": "Service", "NGI Uppsala (Uppsala Genome Center)": "Service", "NGI Long read": "Service", "Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources": "Service"}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC9373329"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "10.1186/s13071-022-05399-0"}], "notes": [], "created": "2022-09-05T07:20:39.239Z", "modified": "2024-01-16T13:48:35.374Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "a037a3c54c4049f5abc112ffb15baca4", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/a037a3c54c4049f5abc112ffb15baca4.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/a037a3c54c4049f5abc112ffb15baca4"}}, "title": "Ivermectin-induced gene expression changes in adult Parascaris univalens and Caenorhabditis elegans: a comparative approach to study anthelminthic metabolism and resistance in vitro.", "authors": [{"family": "Dube", "given": "Faruk", "initials": "F", "orcid": "0000-0003-1340-9123", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/researcher/efd709b6ebf04946bf70f1ab4c8c5cbf.json"}}, {"family": "Hinas", "given": "Andrea", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Roy", "given": "Shweta", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Martin", "given": "Frida", "initials": "F"}, {"family": "\u00c5brink", "given": "Magnus", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Sv\u00e4rd", "given": "Staffan", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Tyd\u00e9n", "given": "Eva", "initials": "E"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2022-05-05", "journal": {"title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "volume": "15", "issue": "1", "pages": "158", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "The nematode Parascaris univalens is one of the most prevalent parasitic pathogens infecting horses but anthelmintic resistance undermines treatment approaches. The molecular mechanisms underlying drug activity and resistance remain poorly understood in this parasite since experimental in vitro models are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for P. univalens drug metabolism/resistance studies by a comparative gene expression approach after in vitro exposure to the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM).\n\nTwelve adult P. univalens worms in groups of three were exposed to ivermectin (IVM, 10-13 M, 10-11 M, 10-9 M) or left unexposed for 24 h at 37 \u00b0C, and total RNA, extracted from the anterior end of the worms, was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in metabolism, transportation, or gene expression with annotated Caernorhabditis elegans orthologues were identified as candidate genes to be involved in IVM metabolism/resistance. Similarly, groups of 300 adult C. elegans worms were exposed to IVM (10-9 M, 10-8 M and 10-7 M) or left unexposed for 4 h at 20 \u00b0C. Quantitative RT-PCR of RNA extracted from the C. elegans worm pools was used to compare against the expression of selected P. univalens candidate genes after drug treatment.\n\nAfter IVM exposure, 1085 DEGs were found in adult P. univalens worms but the relative gene expression changes were small and large variabilities were found between different worms. Fifteen of the DEGs were chosen for further characterization in C. elegans after comparative bioinformatics analyses. Candidate genes, including the putative drug target lgc-37, responded to IVM in P. univalens, but marginal to no responses were observed in C. elegans despite dose-dependent behavioral effects observed in C. elegans after IVM exposure. Thus, the overlap in IVM-induced gene expression in this small set of genes was minor in adult worms of the two nematode species.\n\nThis is the first time to our knowledge that a comparative gene expression approach has evaluated C. elegans as a model to understand IVM metabolism/resistance in P. univalens. Genes in P. univalens adults that responded to IVM treatment were identified. However, identifying conserved genes in P. univalens and C. elegans involved in IVM metabolism/resistance by comparing gene expression of candidate genes proved challenging. The approach appears promising but was limited by the number of genes studied (n = 15). Future studies comparing a larger number of genes between the two species may result in identification of additional candidate genes involved in drug metabolism and/or resistance.", "doi": "10.1186/s13071-022-05260-4", "pmid": "35513885", "labels": {"NGI Short read": "Service", "NGI Uppsala (SNP&SEQ Technology Platform)": "Service", "National Genomics Infrastructure": "Service", "Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources": "Service"}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC9074254"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "10.1186/s13071-022-05260-4"}], "notes": [], "created": "2022-11-29T12:03:10.370Z", "modified": "2024-01-16T13:48:36.731Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "14438a36c0424119bffe808b854f5fa1", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/14438a36c0424119bffe808b854f5fa1.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/14438a36c0424119bffe808b854f5fa1"}}, "title": "Sheep nemabiome diversity and its response to anthelmintic treatment in Swedish sheep herds.", "authors": [{"family": "Halvarsson", "given": "Peter", "initials": "P", "orcid": "0000-0002-6940-5634", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/researcher/a2c385e9f2994b1ca6c2707ea79d4404.json"}}, {"family": "H\u00f6glund", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2021-02-18", "journal": {"title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "volume": "14", "issue": "1", "pages": "114", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "A novel way to study the species composition and diversity of nematode parasites in livestock is to perform deep sequencing on composite samples containing a mixture of different species. Herein we describe for the first time the nematode community structures (nemabiomes) inhabiting Swedish sheep and how these are/were affected by host age and recent anthelmintic treatments.\n\nA total of 158 fecal samples were collected (n = 35 in 2007 and n = 123 in 2013-2016) and cultured from groups of sheep on 61 commercial farms in the south-central part of the country where most animals are grazed. Among the samples, 2 \u00d7 44 (56%) were paired collections from the same groups pre- and post-treatment with anthelmintics such as macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles or levamisole. Samples were analyzed for their nemabiome using the PacBio platform followed by bioinformatic sequence analysis with SCATA. Species richness and diversity were calculated and analyzed in R.\n\nNematode ITS2 sequences were found in all larval culture samples except two, even though the fecal egg counts were below the McMaster threshold in 20 samples. Sequencing yielded, on average, 1008 sequences per sample. In total, 16 operational taxonomical units (OTU), all with \u2265 98 % identity to sequences in the NCBI database, were recognized. The OTUs found represented nematode species of which ten are commonly associated with sheep. Multiple species were identified in all pre-anthelmintic treatment larval culture samples. No effects on nematode diversity were found in relation to host age. On the other hand, recent anthelmintic treatment lowered species richness, especially after use of ivermectin and albendazole. Interestingly, despite zero egg counts after use of levamisole, these samples still contained nematode DNA and especially H. contortus.\n\nOur findings provide evidence that nemabiome analysis combined with diversity index analysis provides an objective methodology in the study of the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment as both high and low abundant species were detected.", "doi": "10.1186/s13071-021-04602-y", "pmid": "33602321", "labels": {"National Genomics Infrastructure": "Service", "NGI Uppsala (Uppsala Genome Center)": "Service", "Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources": "Service"}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pii", "key": "10.1186/s13071-021-04602-y"}, {"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC7890823"}], "notes": [], "created": "2021-03-13T10:01:08.397Z", "modified": "2024-01-16T13:48:40.650Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "eb85d8ec7f9746d88a03ac6981ab0223", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/eb85d8ec7f9746d88a03ac6981ab0223.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/eb85d8ec7f9746d88a03ac6981ab0223"}}, "title": "Transcriptional responses in Parascaris univalens after in vitro exposure to ivermectin, pyrantel citrate and thiabendazole.", "authors": [{"family": "Martin", "given": "Frida", "initials": "F", "orcid": "0000-0002-3149-3835", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/researcher/eacd9c056fb1451994bf6ab3289bbeb1.json"}}, {"family": "Dube", "given": "Faruk", "initials": "F"}, {"family": "Karlsson Lindsj\u00f6", "given": "Oskar", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "Eydal", "given": "Matth\u00edas", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "H\u00f6glund", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Bergstr\u00f6m", "given": "Tomas F", "initials": "TF"}, {"family": "Tyd\u00e9n", "given": "Eva", "initials": "E"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2020-07-09", "journal": {"title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn": "1756-3305", "volume": "13", "issue": "1", "pages": "342", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "Parascaris univalens is a pathogenic parasite of foals and yearlings worldwide. In recent years, Parascaris spp. worms have developed resistance to several of the commonly used anthelmintics, though currently the mechanisms behind this development are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional responses in adult P. univalens worms after in vitro exposure to different concentrations of three anthelmintic drugs, focusing on drug targets and drug metabolising pathways.\n\nAdult worms were collected from the intestines of two foals at slaughter. The foals were naturally infected and had never been treated with anthelmintics. Worms were incubated in cell culture media containing different concentrations of either ivermectin (10-9 M, 10-11 M, 10-13 M), pyrantel citrate (10-6 M, 10-8 M, 10-10 M), thiabendazole (10-5 M, 10-7 M, 10-9 M) or without anthelmintics (control) at 37 \u00b0C for 24 h. After incubation, the viability of the worms was assessed and RNA extracted from the anterior region of 36 worms and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system.\n\nAll worms were alive at the end of the incubation but showed varying degrees of viability depending on the drug and concentration used. Differential expression (Padj < 0.05 and log2 fold change \u2265 1 or \u2264 - 1) analysis showed similarities and differences in the transcriptional response after exposure to the different drug classes. Candidate genes upregulated or downregulated in drug exposed worms include members of the phase I metabolic pathway short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR), flavin containing monooxygenase superfamily (FMO) and cytochrome P450-family (CYP), as well as members of the membrane transporters major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and solute carrier superfamily (SLC). Generally, different targets of the anthelmintics used were found to be upregulated and downregulated in an unspecific pattern after drug exposure, apart from the GABA receptor subunit lgc-37, which was upregulated only in worms exposed to 10-9 M of ivermectin.\n\nTo our knowledge, this is the first time the expression of lgc-37 and members of the FMO, SDR, MFS and SLC superfamilies have been described in P. univalens and future work should be focused on characterising these candidate genes to further explore their potential involvement in drug metabolism and anthelmintic resistance.", "doi": "10.1186/s13071-020-04212-0", "pmid": "32646465", "labels": {"National Genomics Infrastructure": "Service", "NGI Uppsala (SNP&SEQ Technology Platform)": "Service", "Bioinformatics Support for Computational Resources": "Service"}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pii", "key": "10.1186/s13071-020-04212-0"}, {"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC7346371"}], "notes": [], "created": "2020-12-08T23:34:23.929Z", "modified": "2024-01-16T13:48:42.174Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "2d7121c65d104ba48f3c286ac1eba214", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/2d7121c65d104ba48f3c286ac1eba214.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications.scilifelab.se/publication/2d7121c65d104ba48f3c286ac1eba214"}}, "title": "Deep amplicon sequencing of preselected isolates of Parascaris equorum in \u03b2-tubulin codons associated with benzimidazole resistance in other nematodes.", "authors": [{"family": "Tyd\u00e9n", "given": "Eva", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Dahlberg", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Karlberg", "given": "Olof", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "H\u00f6glund", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2014-08-29", "journal": {"volume": "7", "issn": "1756-3305", "issue": null, "pages": "410", "title": "Parasit Vectors", "issn-l": "1756-3305"}, "abstract": "The development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) to macrocyclic lactones in the equine roundworm Parascaris equorum has resulted in benzimidazoles now being the most widely used substance to control Parascaris infections. However, over-reliance on one drug class is a risk factor for the development of AR. Consequently, benzimidazole resistance is widespread in several veterinary parasites, where it is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in drug targets encoded by the \u03b2-tubulin genes. The importance of these SNPs varies between different parasitic nematodes, but it has been hypothesised that they occur, at low allele frequencies, even in unselected populations. This study investigated whether these SNPs exist in the P. equorum population and tested the hypothesis that BZ resistance can develop from pre-existing SNPs in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the \u03b2-tubulin isotype 1 and 2 genes, reported to be associated with AR in strongylids. The efficacy of the oral paste formula fenbendazole on 11 farms in Sweden was also assessed.\r\n\r\nTwo isotype-specific primer pairs were designed, one on either side of the codon 167 and one on either side of codons 198 and 200. A pool of 100,000 larvae was sequenced using deep amplicon sequencing by Illumina HiSeq. Faecal egg count reduction test was used to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole.\r\n\r\nNo SNPs were observed in codons 167, 198 or 200 of the \u03b2-tubulin isotype 1 or 2 genes of P. equorum, even though 100,000 larvae were sequenced. Faecal egg count reduction testing of fenbendazole showed that this anthelmintic was still 100% effective, meaning that the likelihood of finding high allele frequency of SNPs associated with benzimidazoles resistance in P. equorum was low. Unexpectedly, the allele frequencies observed in single worms were comparable to those in pooled samples.\r\n\r\nWe concluded that fenbendazole does not exert selection pressure on the \u03b2-tubulin genes of isotypes 1 and 2 in P. equorum. The fact that no pre-existing SNPs were found in codons 167, 198 and 200 in P. equorum also illustrates the difficulties in generalising about AR mechanisms between different taxonomic groups of nematodes.", "doi": "10.1186/1756-3305-7-410", "pmid": "25175357", "labels": {"National Genomics Infrastructure": null, "NGI Uppsala (SNP&SEQ Technology Platform)": null}, "xrefs": [{"db": "pii", "key": "1756-3305-7-410"}, {"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC4156605"}], "notes": [], "created": "2017-05-04T14:58:51.562Z", "modified": "2020-01-21T13:56:08.934Z"}], "created": "2017-05-09T09:12:36.261Z", "modified": "2020-11-27T13:14:06.908Z"}